Move to runtime generated SDF fonts

GlyphCache is introduced as a layer that handles the bin packing with a
shelf heuristic. SDF rendering is handled in the fixed-function pipeline
using a simple alpha test. The shader version also applies a little
smoothing.

k3Batch had to be updated to add a minimum alpha parameter.
This commit is contained in:
Mid 2025-12-01 23:58:55 +02:00
parent 8207743308
commit a571d2d999
7 changed files with 211 additions and 149 deletions

View File

@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ typedef struct GlyphCache {
GlyphCacheRow *rows;
size_t item_count;
size_t item_capacity;
GlyphCacheGlyph *items;
void *userdata;
@ -117,6 +118,13 @@ void glca_set_time(GlyphCache *gc, uint64_t time);
#endif
#ifdef GLCA_IMPLEMENTATION
static uint32_t glca_hash(uint32_t x) {
x = ((x >> 16) ^ x) * 0x45d9f3bu;
x = ((x >> 16) ^ x) * 0x45d9f3bu;
x = (x >> 16) ^ x;
return x;
}
int glca_init(GlyphCache *gc, FT_Face face, size_t total_width, size_t total_height, void *userdata, GlyphCacheSetImage set_image, GlyphCacheGetImage get_image, GlyphCacheFillCustomData fill_custom_data) {
memset(gc, 0, sizeof(*gc));
gc->face = face;
@ -126,6 +134,8 @@ int glca_init(GlyphCache *gc, FT_Face face, size_t total_width, size_t total_hei
gc->set_image = set_image;
gc->get_image = get_image;
gc->fill_custom_data = fill_custom_data;
gc->item_capacity = 128;
gc->items = calloc(gc->item_capacity, sizeof(*gc->items));
return 0;
}
@ -185,18 +195,22 @@ make_new:
return row;
}
static int comparator(const void *A, const void *B) {
uint32_t cpa = *(uint32_t*) A;
uint32_t cpb = *(uint32_t*) B;
if(cpa == cpb) {
return 0;
}
return cpa > cpb ? 1 : -1;
}
GlyphCacheGlyph *glca_get_noupdate(GlyphCache *gc, uint32_t codepoint) {
return bsearch(&codepoint, gc->items, gc->item_count, sizeof(*gc->items), comparator);
uint32_t i = glca_hash(codepoint);
for(size_t probe = 0; probe < 5; probe++) {
i &= gc->item_capacity - 1;
if(gc->items[i].codepoint == 0 && gc->items[i].w == 0) {
break;
}
if(gc->items[i].codepoint == codepoint) {
return &gc->items[i];
}
i++;
}
return NULL;
}
GlyphCacheGlyph *glca_get(GlyphCache *gc, uint32_t codepoint) {
GlyphCacheGlyph *glyph = glca_get_noupdate(gc, codepoint);
@ -209,6 +223,10 @@ GlyphCacheGlyph *glca_get(GlyphCache *gc, uint32_t codepoint) {
void glca_try_evict(GlyphCache *gc) {
uint64_t min_time = gc->current_time, max_time = 0;
for(size_t i = 0; i < gc->item_count; i++) {
if(gc->items[i].codepoint == 0) {
continue;
}
if(min_time > gc->items[i].last_use) {
min_time = gc->items[i].last_use;
}
@ -246,13 +264,51 @@ void glca_try_evict(GlyphCache *gc) {
gcr->width -= glyph->w;
gcr->entry_count--;
size_t glyph_index = glyph - gc->items;
memmove(glyph, glyph + 1, sizeof(*glyph) * (gc->item_count - glyph_index - 1));
gc->item_count--;
glyph = NULL;
glyph->codepoint = 0;
}
}
}
static void glca_expand(GlyphCache *gc, size_t shift) {
size_t new_capacity = gc->item_capacity << shift;
GlyphCacheGlyph *newarray = calloc(new_capacity, sizeof(*newarray));
for(size_t idx = 0; idx < gc->item_capacity; idx++) {
if(gc->items[idx].codepoint == 0) {
continue;
}
uint32_t i = glca_hash(gc->items[idx].codepoint);
size_t probe;
for(probe = 0; probe < 5; probe++) {
i &= new_capacity - 1;
if(newarray[i].codepoint == 0) {
newarray[i] = gc->items[idx];
break;
}
i++;
}
if(probe == 5) {
goto failed_to_expand;
}
}
free(gc->items);
gc->item_capacity = new_capacity;
gc->items = newarray;
return;
failed_to_expand:
free(newarray);
glca_expand(gc, shift + 1);
}
GlyphCacheGlyph *glca_request(GlyphCache *gc, uint32_t codepoint) {
GlyphCacheGlyph *glyph = glca_get(gc, codepoint);
if(glyph) {
@ -282,8 +338,24 @@ GlyphCacheGlyph *glca_request(GlyphCache *gc, uint32_t codepoint) {
gcr->entries = realloc(gcr->entries, sizeof(*gcr->entries) * (gcr->entry_count + 1));
gcr->entries[gcr->entry_count++] = codepoint;
gc->items = realloc(gc->items, sizeof(*gc->items) * (gc->item_count + 1));
gc->items[gc->item_count++] = (GlyphCacheGlyph) {
glyph = NULL;
while(1) {
uint32_t i = glca_hash(codepoint);
for(size_t probe = 0; probe < 5; probe++) {
i &= gc->item_capacity - 1;
if(gc->items[i].codepoint == 0) {
glyph = &gc->items[i];
break;
}
i++;
}
if(glyph) {
break;
}
glca_expand(gc, 1);
}
*glyph = (GlyphCacheGlyph) {
.codepoint = codepoint,
.x = x,
.y = y,
@ -292,10 +364,9 @@ GlyphCacheGlyph *glca_request(GlyphCache *gc, uint32_t codepoint) {
};
#ifdef GLCA_CUSTOM_GLYPH_DATA
if(gc->fill_custom_data) {
gc->fill_custom_data(gc, gc->face->glyph, &gc->items[gc->item_count - 1]);
gc->fill_custom_data(gc, gc->face->glyph, glyph);
}
#endif
qsort(gc->items, gc->item_count, sizeof(*gc->items), comparator);
uint8_t *buf = malloc(w * h);
for(int y = 0; y < h; y++) {

View File

@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ static inline void immdraw_fill_rect(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w, int16_t h,
k3BatchAdd(NULL, (struct k3RectF) {0, 0, 1, 1}, (struct k3RectF) {
x, GameWndH - y - h,
w, h
}, 0, (vec4) {r, g, b, a}, borderRadius);
}, 0, (vec4) {r, g, b, a}, borderRadius, 0);
}
static inline void immdraw_font_draw(struct k3Font *font, int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w, float sz, size_t len, const char *txt, int alignment, float r, float g, float b, float a) {
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ static inline void immdraw_font_size(struct k3Font *font, float sz, const char *
static inline void immdraw_image_draw(k3MImageData *data, int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w, int16_t h, float r, float g, float b, float a) {
struct k3Tex *tex = *data;
k3BatchAdd(tex, (struct k3RectF) {0, 0, 1, 1}, (struct k3RectF) {x, GameWndH - y - h, w, h}, 0, (vec4) {r, g, b, a}, 0);
k3BatchAdd(tex, (struct k3RectF) {0, 0, 1, 1}, (struct k3RectF) {x, GameWndH - y - h, w, h}, 0, (vec4) {r, g, b, a}, 0, 0);
}
static int16_t crop_aabb[4] = {-1, -1, -1, -1};

View File

@ -624,6 +624,8 @@ void k3TexUpdate(struct k3Tex *tex, enum k3TexType type, int index, uint16_t wid
}
if(compressed && TextureOfflineCompressor) {
k3Log(k3_DEBUG, "Compressing texture...");
size_t len;
data = TextureOfflineCompressor(data, width, height, externalFmt, intype, &len);
@ -643,6 +645,8 @@ void k3TexUpdate(struct k3Tex *tex, enum k3TexType type, int index, uint16_t wid
tex->szZ = 0;
tex->glInternalFormat = internalFmt;
tex->glExternalFormat = externalFmt;
tex->glInType = intype;
}
uint32_t k3TexSzX(struct k3Tex *this) {
return this->szX;
@ -1132,8 +1136,8 @@ static void disable_glsl_bones(struct k3Mdl *mdl, struct k3GLSLP *p) {
GLint a0;
GLint a1;
a0 = glGetAttribLocationARB(p->handle, "a_boneids");
a1 = glGetAttribLocationARB(p->handle, "a_boneweights");
a0 = (glGetAttribLocationARB ? glGetAttribLocationARB : glGetAttribLocation)(p->handle, "a_boneids");
a1 = (glGetAttribLocationARB ? glGetAttribLocationARB : glGetAttribLocation)(p->handle, "a_boneweights");
if(a0 != -1) {
if(!k3IsCore) {
@ -1419,6 +1423,7 @@ static void forward_subpass(mat4 projection, mat4 view, int transparent, int lig
struct k3Mat *lastMaterial = NULL;
int lastAdditive = -1;
int lastDepthwrite = -1;
int lastNocull = -1;
for(size_t rble = rbleStart; rble < rbleEnd; rble++) {
struct k3Mdl *mdl = renderQueue[rble].mdl;
@ -1478,6 +1483,15 @@ static void forward_subpass(mat4 projection, mat4 view, int transparent, int lig
}
}
if(lastNocull != mat->passes[0].nocull) {
lastNocull = mat->passes[0].nocull;
if(lastNocull) {
glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);
} else {
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
}
}
if(glslp) {
if(lastGLSLP != glslp) {
if(k3IsCore)
@ -1498,10 +1512,8 @@ static void forward_subpass(mat4 projection, mat4 view, int transparent, int lig
setup_glsl_model_uniforms(glslp, modelmat);
if(mat != lastMaterial) {
bind_mat_textures(mat, 0);
bind_shadow_texture(mat->passes[0].unitsUsed);
}
bind_mat_textures(mat, 0);
bind_shadow_texture(mat->passes[0].unitsUsed);
} else if(!k3IsCore) {
if(lastGLSLP && GLAD_GL_ARB_shading_language_100) {
glUseProgramObjectARB(0);
@ -1557,12 +1569,6 @@ static void forward_subpass(mat4 projection, mat4 view, int transparent, int lig
}
lastMaterial = mat;
if(mat->passes[0].nocull) {
glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);
} else {
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
}
if(!k3IsCore) {
if(mat->passes[0].alphatest) {
glEnable(GL_ALPHA_TEST);
@ -1634,7 +1640,6 @@ void k3PassForward(mat4 projection, mat4 cam) {
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glEnable(GL_MULTISAMPLE);
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
glFrontFace(GL_CCW);
if(!k3IsCore) {

View File

@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ struct S {
static struct k3Tex *activeTex;
static float activeBorderRadius;
static float activeMinAlpha;
static size_t SCount, SCapacity;
static struct S *S;
@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ void k3BatchInit() {
"uniform sampler2D u_tex;\n"
"uniform float u_texuse;\n"
"uniform float u_borderradius;\n"
"uniform float u_minalpha;\n"
"in vec2 v_uv;\n"
"in vec4 v_color;\n"
"in vec2 v_size;\n"
@ -60,7 +62,11 @@ void k3BatchInit() {
" if(length(c) > u_borderradius) {\n"
" discard;\n"
" }\n"
" fragcolor = mix(vec4(1, 1, 1, 1), texture2D(u_tex, v_uv), u_texuse) * v_color;\n"
" vec4 col = texture2D(u_tex, v_uv);\n"
" if(u_minalpha > 0.0) {\n"
" col.a = clamp((col.a - u_minalpha + 0.1) / 0.1, 0.0, 1.0);\n"
" }\n"
" fragcolor = mix(vec4(1, 1, 1, 1), col, u_texuse) * v_color;\n"
"}\n"
, NULL), NULL);
@ -70,11 +76,12 @@ void k3BatchInit() {
}
}
void k3BatchAdd(struct k3Tex *tex, struct k3RectF src, struct k3RectF dst, float rot, vec4 color, float borderRadius) {
if(activeTex != tex || borderRadius != activeBorderRadius) {
void k3BatchAdd(struct k3Tex *tex, struct k3RectF src, struct k3RectF dst, float rot, vec4 color, float borderRadius, float minAlpha) {
if(activeTex != tex || borderRadius != activeBorderRadius || minAlpha != activeMinAlpha) {
k3BatchFlush();
activeTex = tex;
activeBorderRadius = borderRadius;
activeMinAlpha = minAlpha;
}
if(SCount == SCapacity) {
@ -118,9 +125,6 @@ void k3BatchFlush() {
glDisable(GL_FRAGMENT_PROGRAM_ARB);
}
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
if(activeTex) {
@ -132,6 +136,9 @@ void k3BatchFlush() {
}
if(k3IsCore) {
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
GLuint handle = GL_FROM_K3GLSL(coreProg);
glUseProgram(handle);
@ -214,8 +221,8 @@ void k3BatchFlush() {
glBufferDataARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, SCount * 60 * sizeof(*farr), farr, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
glUniform1f(k3ProgramGetUId(coreProg, "u_texuse"), !!activeTex);
glUniform1f(k3ProgramGetUId(coreProg, "u_borderradius"), activeBorderRadius);
glUniform1f(k3ProgramGetUId(coreProg, "u_minalpha"), activeMinAlpha);
GLint aPos = glGetAttribLocation(handle, "a_pos");
GLint aUv = glGetAttribLocation(handle, "a_uv");
@ -243,6 +250,16 @@ void k3BatchFlush() {
glUseProgramObjectARB(0);
}
if(activeMinAlpha) {
glDisable(GL_BLEND);
} else {
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
}
glEnable(GL_ALPHA_TEST);
glAlphaFunc(GL_GREATER, activeMinAlpha);
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
struct S *s = S;
for(size_t i = 0; i < SCount; i++) {
@ -264,6 +281,8 @@ void k3BatchFlush() {
}
glEnd();
glDisable(GL_ALPHA_TEST);
glTexEnvi(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_MODULATE);
}

View File

@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ struct k3RectF {
float h;
};
void k3BatchAdd(struct k3Tex *tex, struct k3RectF src, struct k3RectF dst, float rot, vec4 color, float borderRadius);
void k3BatchAdd(struct k3Tex *tex, struct k3RectF src, struct k3RectF dst, float rot, vec4 color, float borderRadius, float minAlpha);
void k3BatchFlush();
void k3BatchSetResolution(float w, float h);

View File

@ -3,72 +3,60 @@
#include"k3batch.h"
#include<string.h>
#include"gl.h"
#include<freetype/freetype.h>
#define GLCA_IMPLEMENTATION
#include"glyphcache/glca.h"
#include"k3_internal.h"
static _Thread_local FT_Library ftlib;
struct k3Font *k3FontCreate() {
if(!ftlib) {
assert(FT_Init_FreeType(&ftlib) == 0);
FT_Property_Set(ftlib, "sdf", "spread", &(int) {64});
}
struct k3Font *ret = calloc(sizeof(*ret), 1);
return ret;
}
static int cmpglyph(const void *a, const void *b) {
return *(const uint32_t*) a - *(const uint32_t*) b;
void my_set_image(struct GlyphCache *gc, int x, int y, int w, int h, const void *buf) {
struct k3Font *this = gc->userdata;
for(size_t row = 0; row < h; row++) {
memcpy(&this->atlasCPU[this->atlasSize * (y + row) + x], buf + w * row, w);
}
//k3TexUpdateSub(this->atlas, 0, x, y, w, h, buf);
k3TexUpdate(this->atlas, k3_ALPHA, 0, this->atlasSize, this->atlasSize, this->atlasCPU);
}
int k3FontLoad(struct k3Font *this, const uint8_t *buf, size_t len, k3FontTexLoader texldr) {
if(*(uint32_t*) buf != 0x03464D42) {
return 0;
void my_get_image(struct GlyphCache *gc, int x, int y, int w, int h, void *buf) {
struct k3Font *this = gc->userdata;
for(size_t row = 0; row < h; row++) {
memcpy(buf + w * row, &this->atlasCPU[this->atlasSize * (y + row)], w);
}
}
void my_fill_custom_data(struct GlyphCache *gc, FT_GlyphSlot slot, GlyphCacheGlyph *glyph) {
glyph->data.xAdvance = slot->metrics.horiAdvance / 64.f;
glyph->data.xOffset = slot->metrics.horiBearingX / 64.f;
glyph->data.yOffset = slot->metrics.horiBearingY / 64.f;
}
int k3FontLoad(struct k3Font *this, const char *fn) {
this->atlasSize = k3TexSzMax() / 4;
this->atlas = k3TexCreate(k3_ALPHA);
this->atlasCPU = malloc(this->atlasSize * this->atlasSize);
k3TexUpdate(this->atlas, k3_ALPHA, 0, this->atlasSize, this->atlasSize, NULL);
const uint8_t *end = buf + len;
this->fontPixelSize = this->atlasSize / 16;
buf += 4;
assert(FT_New_Face(ftlib, fn, 0, &this->ftface) == 0);
FT_Select_Charmap(this->ftface, FT_ENCODING_UNICODE);
FT_Set_Pixel_Sizes(this->ftface, this->fontPixelSize, 0);
uint16_t pages = 0;
while(buf + 5 < end) {
uint8_t blockType = *buf;
uint32_t blockSize = *(uint32_t*) (buf + 1);
buf += 5;
if(blockType == 1) { //Info block
buf += 14;
while(*buf) buf++;
buf++;
} else if(blockType == 2) { //Common block
this->lineScale = 1.f / *(uint16_t*) buf;
buf += 2;
this->baseline = *(uint16_t*) buf;
buf += 2;
this->texW = *(uint16_t*) buf;
buf += 2;
this->texH = *(uint16_t*) buf;
buf += 2;
pages = *(uint16_t*) buf;
buf += 7;
} else if(blockType == 3) { //Pages block
if(pages == 0) return 0;
this->pageCount = pages;
this->pages = malloc(sizeof(*this->pages) * this->pageCount);
for(size_t i = 0; i < this->pageCount; i++) {
this->pages[i] = texldr(this, buf);
buf += strlen(buf) + 1;
}
} else if(blockType == 4) { //Chars block
size_t num = blockSize / 20;
this->glyphs = calloc(sizeof(*this->glyphs), this->glyphCount = num);
memcpy(this->glyphs, buf, num * 20);
qsort(this->glyphs, num, sizeof(*this->glyphs), cmpglyph);
buf += blockSize;
} else if(blockType == 5) { //Kerning block
// Ignore kerning for now
buf += blockSize;
}
}
glca_init(&this->glca, this->ftface, this->atlasSize, this->atlasSize, this, my_set_image, my_get_image, my_fill_custom_data);
return 1;
}
@ -117,16 +105,16 @@ void k3FontSz(struct k3Font *this, float sz, const char *txt, float wall, struct
y += sz;
}
struct k3FontGlyph *g = k3FontGetGlyph(this, cp);
struct GlyphCacheGlyph *g = glca_request(&this->glca, cp);
if(!g) continue;
if(x + g->width * this->lineScale * sz > wall) {
if(x + sz * g->w / this->fontPixelSize > wall) {
x = 0;
y += sz;
}
x += g->xadvance * this->lineScale * sz;
x += sz * g->data.xAdvance / this->fontPixelSize;
maxX = fmaxf(maxX, x);
}
@ -153,16 +141,16 @@ void k3FontDraw(struct k3Font *this, float xStart, float yStart, float sz, const
break;
}
struct k3FontGlyph *g = k3FontGetGlyph(this, cp2);
struct GlyphCacheGlyph *g = glca_request(&this->glca, cp2);
if(g) {
if(lineWidth + g->width * this->lineScale * sz > wall) {
if(lineWidth + sz * g->w / this->fontPixelSize > wall) {
break;
}
}
lineLength++;
if(g) {
lineWidth += g->xadvance * this->lineScale * sz;
lineWidth += sz * g->data.xAdvance / this->fontPixelSize;
}
}
@ -182,24 +170,24 @@ void k3FontDraw(struct k3Font *this, float xStart, float yStart, float sz, const
for(size_t i = 0; i < lineLength; i++) {
uint32_t cp = read_utf8(&txt);
struct k3FontGlyph *g = k3FontGetGlyph(this, cp);
struct GlyphCacheGlyph *g = glca_request(&this->glca, cp);
if(!g) continue;
struct k3Tex *tex = this->pages[g->page];
size_t texW = this->texW;
size_t texH = this->texH;
struct k3Tex *tex = this->atlas;
size_t texW = k3TexSzX(tex);
size_t texH = k3TexSzY(tex);
k3BatchAdd(tex,
(struct k3RectF) {(float) (g->x + 0.5) / texW, (float) (g->y + 0.5) / texH, (float) (g->width - 1) / texW, (float) (g->height - 1) / texH},
(struct k3RectF) {(float) (g->x + 0.5) / texW, (float) (g->y - 0.5) / texH, (float) (g->w - 1) / texW, (float) (g->h - 1) / texH},
(struct k3RectF) {
x + g->xoffset * this->lineScale * sz,
y + ((-g->height - g->yoffset) * this->lineScale + 1) * sz,
g->width * this->lineScale * sz,
g->height * this->lineScale * sz
}, 0, color, 0);
x + sz * g->data.xOffset / this->fontPixelSize,
y - sz * ((g->h - g->data.yOffset) / (float) this->fontPixelSize - 0.5f),
sz * g->w / this->fontPixelSize,
sz * g->h / this->fontPixelSize
}, 0, color, 0, k3IsCore ? 0.5 : 0.45);
x += g->xadvance * this->lineScale * sz;
x += sz * g->data.xAdvance / this->fontPixelSize;
}
// If the line break was caused directly by a LF, skip over it for next line
@ -211,7 +199,3 @@ void k3FontDraw(struct k3Font *this, float xStart, float yStart, float sz, const
}
k3BatchFlush();
}
struct k3FontGlyph *k3FontGetGlyph(struct k3Font *this, uint32_t cp) {
return bsearch(&cp, this->glyphs, this->glyphCount, sizeof(*this->glyphs), cmpglyph);
}

View File

@ -4,49 +4,32 @@
#include"k3batch.h"
#include<string.h>
#define k3_FONT_ALIGN_LEFT 0
#define k3_FONT_ALIGN_CENTER 1
#define k3_FONT_ALIGN_RIGHT 2
struct k3FontGlyph {
uint32_t cp;
uint16_t x;
uint16_t y;
uint16_t width;
uint16_t height;
int16_t xoffset;
int16_t yoffset;
uint16_t xadvance;
uint8_t page;
uint8_t chnl;
};
#define GLCA_CUSTOM_GLYPH_DATA
typedef struct GlyphCacheGlyphData {
float xAdvance;
float xOffset;
float yOffset;
} GlyphCacheGlyphData;
#include"glyphcache/glca.h"
struct k3Font {
void *ud;
float lineScale;
int atlasSize;
uint8_t *atlasCPU;
struct k3Tex *atlas;
uint16_t baseline;
uint16_t texW, texH;
size_t glyphCount;
struct k3FontGlyph *glyphs;
size_t pageCount;
struct k3Tex **pages;
int fontPixelSize;
FT_Face ftface;
GlyphCache glca;
};
typedef struct k3Tex*(*k3FontTexLoader)(struct k3Font*, const char *name);
struct k3Font *k3FontCreate();
int k3FontLoad(struct k3Font*, const uint8_t *buf, size_t len, k3FontTexLoader);
int k3FontLoad(struct k3Font*, const char *fn);
void k3FontSz(struct k3Font*, float sz, const char *txt, float wall, struct k3RectF *ret);
void k3FontDraw(struct k3Font*, float x, float y, float sz, const char *txt, float wall, int alignment, vec4 color);
struct k3FontGlyph *k3FontGetGlyph(struct k3Font*, uint32_t cp);
static inline int k3UTF8Encode(uint32_t cp, uint8_t ret[static 4]) {
if(cp < 0x80) {
ret[0] = cp;